Ukwakhiwa kwesikhungo ESIHLE KAKHULU somshini waseChina wokuhlanganisa izikhali zenuzi sekuqale ngokuphelele
Ngomhla lu-1 kuMfumfu, kwenziwa impumelelo ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwethuluzi lase-China lokuhlanganisa i-nuclear BEST.
Isisekelo esinesisindo esingaphezu kwamathani angu-400 sifakwe ngempumelelo futhi sizosetshenziselwa ukuthwala umsingathi OMKHULU onesisindo esingamathani angaba ngu-6700, okuphawula isiqalo esiphelele sokwakhiwa kwalesi sikhulu semishini esindayo saleli zwe.
Ngokuzayo, le divayisi izoba wumbukiso wokuqala oqinisekisiwe emhlabeni wonke wokukhiqiza amandla enuzi, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ukhanyise ukukhanya kokuqala ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-nuclear ngo-2030.
I-Nuclear Fusion: Iphasiwedi Ewukugcina Yokuhlola Amandla E-Cosmic
Kusukela empicabadala yokushiswa kwelanga okuqhubekayo iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4.6 kuya ekuphishekeleni komuntu kokugcina kwamandla ahlanzekile "angapheli", ukuhlanganiswa kwezikhali zenuzi bekulokhu kungenye yezinkomba zocwaningo ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu emkhakheni wesayensi. Akuwona kuphela amandla ayinhloko aqhuba izinkanyezi ukuba zikhiphe ukukhanya nokushisa endaweni yonke, kodwa futhi ubuchwepheshe obuhlabayo{2}} obunamandla okushintsha ngokuphelele indawo yamandla omuntu.
Kalula nje, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-nuclear kubhekisela kunqubo ye-nuclei ye-athomu elula (njenge-hydrogen isotopes deuterium ne-tritium) enqoba i-electrostatic repulsion (i-Coulomb repulsion) phakathi kwama-nuclei emazingeni okushisa aphakeme kakhulu nezingcindezi, ukushayisana nokuhlangana ku-nuclei ye-athomu esindayo (njenge-helium), kuyilapho ikhulula inani elikhulu lamandla. Le nqubo ilandela isibalo samandla amakhulu ka-Einstein "E=mc ²" - isamba sengqikithi ye-nucleus entsha ehlanganisiwe ingaphansi kancane kunesamba sobuningi bama-nuclei amabili ngaphambi kokuhlanganiswa, kanye nesisindo esincishisiwe (ukulahlekelwa ngobuningi) sizokhululwa ngendlela yamandla, nokuminyana kwamandla okudlula kude noma imaphi amandla asetshenziswa abantu okwamanje.
Ukuze uqonde ukushuba kwamandla okuhlanganiswa kwezikhali zenuzi, isethi eyodwa kuphela yokuqhathanisa idatha edingekayo: amandla akhishwe ukusabela okuhlanganisiwe kwekhilogremu engu-1 yengxube ye-deuterium tritium alingana nokushisa okukhiqizwa amathani angu-27000 wamalahle avamile noma amandla akhiqizwa ukusha okuphelele kwamathani angu-120 kaphethiloli; Kodwa-ke, amandla akhishwa i-nuclear fission fuel yekhwalithi efanayo (njenge-uranium{7}}235) cishe acishe abe yi-1/4 kuphela yalawo akhishwa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-nuclear. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, imithombo kaphethiloli yokuhlanganiswa kwe-nuclear cishe ayinamkhawulo - i-deuterium ikhona kakhulu emanzini olwandle eMhlabeni, futhi ilitha ngalinye lamanzi olwandle line-deuterium engakhulula amandla alingana namalitha angu-300 kaphethiloli ngokuhlangana. I-deuterium equkethwe emanzini olwandle emhlabeni wonke ingahlangabezana nezidingo zamandla esintu iminyaka engaphezu kwesigidi; Nakuba i-tritium iyivelakancane ngokwendalo, ingalungiselelwa ngokuzenzela ngokusabela i-lithium (into eningi oqweqweni loMhlaba) ngama-neutron, futhi ayikho inkinga "yokushoda kukaphethiloli".
Kodwa-ke, ukuzuza ukuhlanganiswa kwezikhali zenuzi okulawulekayo akuwona umsebenzi olula, futhi inselelo yawo ewumgogodla ilele “ekusungulweni nasekugcinweni kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu zokuhlanganiswa kwenuzi”. Ngaphakathi kweLanga, ukuwa kwamandla adonsela phansi kudala izinga lokushisa eliphakeme le-15 million degrees Celsius kanye nokucindezela okukhulu kwama-atmospheres ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-250, okuhlangabezana ngokwemvelo "nezimo zokushisa" zokuhlanganiswa kwe-nuclear; Kodwa eMhlabeni, abantu abakwazi ukuphindaphinda amandla adonsela phansi anjalo futhi bangalingisa kuphela izindawo eziyingozi ngokusebenzisa izindlela zobuchwepheshe. Njengamanje, kunezikhombisi-ndlela ezimbili ezijwayelekile zocwaningo:
Olunye uhlobo luyi-magnetic confinement fusion, olumelwe i-International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ilanga lokwenziwa". Isebenzisa inkambu kazibuthe enamandla kakhulu (cishe izikhathi ezingu-100000 enamandla kunozibuthe woMhlaba) ukuze ivale i-plasma (isimo sesine sendaba lapho kuhlukaniswa khona i-athomu nuclei nama-electron) ngezinga lokushisa elifinyelela ku-150 million degrees Celsius endaweni eyindilinga ye-vacuum chamber (idivayisi ye-tokamak), igwema{3}}phezulu ukuthintana ne-plasma epholile futhi ibangele ukushisa okuqhubekayo kwe-plasma. i-plasma ukuze ihlangabezane nezimo ezidingekayo zokusabela kwe-fusion. Ngo-2023, idivayisi yase-China ethi "Artificial Sun" (EAST) yazuza ukusebenza okuqhubekayo kwe-plasma ku-120 million degrees Celsius imizuzwana engu-403, yabeka irekhodi lomhlaba futhi yabeka isisekelo sokuhlolwa okwalandela kwe-ITER.
Olunye uhlobo i-Inertial confinement fusion, emelwe i-National Ignition Facility (NIF) yase-United States. Igxilisa ama-laser angu-192 aphezulu-kuthagethi ye-deuterium tritium enobubanzi obungamamilimitha ambalwa kuphela, ishisisa ithagethi ibe ngu-30 million degrees Celsius futhi iyiminyanise izikhathi eziyi-100 ukuminyana komgogodla woMhlaba ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu (cishe ama-trillionths angu-10 wesekhondi), isebenzisa i-plasmatant infusion ku-inertiant infusion akunakwenzeka. Ngo-December 2022, i-NIF yazuza "inzuzo yonke yamandla" okokuqala ngqa - amandla akhululwe ukusabela kwe-fusion adlula amandla e-laser yokufaka, okumaka impumelelo enkulu emzileni wokuvalelwa okungekho emthethweni.
Ngaphezu kokuminyana kwamandla aphezulu kanye nophethiloli omningi, ukuhlangana kwe-nuclear nakho kunokuphepha okuphelele kanye nobungane bemvelo. Ngokungafani ne-nuclear fission, ukuhlangana kwe-nuclear fusion kuzophela ngokushesha lapho izimo ezimbi kakhulu sezilahlekile (njengokuphazamiseka kazibuthe noma ukumiswa kwe-laser), futhi ayikho ingozi "yokuncibilika okuyisisekelo"; Umkhiqizo oyinhloko wokusabela i-helium (-igesi engenzi izinto ezinobuthi nengenabungozi), engakhiqizi{2}}imfucumfucu ekhipha imisebe yesikhathi eside njenge-nuclear fission futhi cishe engenakho ukungcolisa imvelo.
Nakuba abantu bengakakuzuzisi ukukhiqiza amandla enuzi ahlanganisa ezentengiselwano (okulindeleke ukuthi kudinge iminyaka engu-30-50 yentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe), zonke izinyathelo zenqubekelaphambili ekuhlanganisweni kwe-nuclear, kusukela ekuhlanganeni kwelanga okungokwemvelo kuya ekuthuthukisweni kancane kancane kwelabhorethri, kubeka isintu eduze nomgomo "wenkululeko yamandla". Ngokuzayo, lapho izimboni zamandla enuzi ezihlanganisa amandla enuzi zisabalele emhlabeni wonke, isintu sizokhululeka ngokuphelele ekuthembeleni ezintweni ezimbiwa phansi, sixazulule izinkinga zomhlaba ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuntuleka kwamandla, futhi singenise inkathi entsha esekelwe emandleni ahlanzekile futhi angenamkhawulo.
